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Inburgering.org/Grammar/The Dutch adjective -e ending

The Dutch adjective -e ending

How and when a Dutch adjective adds -e before a noun (de grote hond, het grote huis, grote huizen), and how the spelling changes.

An adjective (a describing word like groot (big) or nieuw (new)) usually takes an extra -e when it stands right in front of a noun: de grote hond (the big dog), het grote huis (the big house), grote huizen (big houses). This ending is the same for almost every noun, so it is the first adjective rule to learn.

When do you add the -e?

Add -e to an adjective whenever it comes directly before the noun it describes. This covers nearly every case: after de, after het, in the plural, and after een with a de-word. The one place you leave the -e off is covered on its own page.

  1. After de: de grote hond (the big dog), de nieuwe auto (the new car).
  2. After het: het grote huis (the big house), het nieuwe plan (the new plan).
  3. In the plural (which always uses de): grote honden, nieuwe huizen, de leuke boeken (the nice books).
  4. After een with a de-word: een grote hond (a big dog), een leuke film (a nice film).
  5. After a demonstrative or a possessive: deze mooie tuin (this pretty garden), mijn oude fiets (my old bike).

The table shows the ending is -e across the board, with only one gap β€” a het-word introduced by een (see the note at the end).

de-word (de hond)het-word (het huis)
with de/hetde grote hondhet grote huis
with eeneen grote hondeen groot huis
pluralde grote hondende grote huizen

Spelling when you add the -e

Adding -e creates an extra syllable, so the spelling of the base word often shifts to keep the same sound. This follows the general rules for open and closed syllables.

  • A long vowel written double loses one letter, because the syllable is now open: groot β†’ grote (big), rood β†’ rode (red), duur β†’ dure (expensive).
  • A short vowel doubles its following consonant, to keep the vowel short: wit β†’ witte (white), dik β†’ dikke (thick), dun β†’ dunne (thin).
  • A final f becomes v and a final s becomes z, following why v becomes f and z becomes s: lief β†’ lieve (sweet), vies β†’ vieze (dirty), boos β†’ boze (angry).
  • Adjectives that already end in -e add nothing: oranje bloemen (orange flowers), een roze jas (a pink coat).

When the adjective stays bare

The -e is only for an adjective sitting in front of its noun. Leave it off in these situations:

  • When the adjective comes after the noun, usually after zijn (to be): De hond is groot. (The dog is big.) Het huis is nieuw. (The house is new.)
  • With a het-word introduced by een, geen, or no article at all: een groot huis (a big house), geen goed idee (not a good idea). This exception has its own page.
  • Vul in: *Ik zie ___ hond.* (de hond, groot)
    • een grote
    • een groot
    • een groter
    • de groot

    *Hond* is a de-word, and after *een* a de-word still takes the *-e* β†’ *een grote hond*.

  • Which is the correct spelling of *rood* (red) before *de appel*?
    • de rode appel
    • de roode appel
    • de rodde appel
    • de rood appel

    The long vowel *oo* becomes a single *o* in the open syllable *ro-de* β†’ *de rode appel*.

  • Vul in: *Dat zijn ___ boeken.* (leuk)
    • leuk
    • leuke
    • leuker
    • leukse

    Plurals always take *de*, and an adjective before a plural noun gets *-e* β†’ *leuke boeken*.

  • Why is there no *-e* in *Het huis is groot*?
    • because *huis* is a het-word
    • because the adjective comes after the noun, not before it
    • because *groot* is long
    • because it is singular

    The *-e* is only for an adjective placed directly in front of a noun. Here *groot* comes after *is*, so it stays bare.

  • Which sentence is correct?
    • Ik heb een wit auto.
    • Ik heb een witte auto.
    • Ik heb een wite auto.
    • Ik heb een witt auto.

    *Auto* is a de-word, so after *een* the adjective takes *-e*; the short vowel keeps its sound by doubling the *t* β†’ *witte auto*.

Test yourself

Question 1 of 5

Vul in: Ik zie ___ hond. (de hond, groot)

See also

  • When a Dutch adjective takes no -e (een groot huis)
  • de or het? Dutch noun gender explained
  • Open and closed syllables: keeping Dutch vowels long or short