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Grammar
Dutch grammar
One rule per page — explained with examples, then a short quiz.
All levels
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
Verbs
39
Nouns & articles
19
Adjectives
8
Adverbs
6
Pronouns
24
Prepositions
9
Conjunctions
12
Numbers
5
Negation
3
Questions
3
Word order
19
Spelling
14
Tricky pairs
12
Verbs
Simple past: regular verbs
Verb stem: four spelling rules
Simple present
-dt rule for verbs
Forming the past participle (ge- ... -d/-t)
Present perfect
Pluperfect
Future with zullen and gaan
zou and zouden
Future perfect and conditional perfect
hebben or zijn in the perfect
Modal verbs
te + infinitive
Bare infinitive
om ... te + infinitive
aan het continuous
Positional continuous
IPP rule (infinitivus pro participio)
Separable verbs: present and past
Past participles of separable verbs
Inseparable verbs
Separable or inseparable verbs?
zijn and hebben
Common irregular verbs
Strong-verb patterns
Imperative
Passive with worden and zijn
Present participles as adjectives
Infinitives used as nouns
Impersonal passive: Er wordt gewerkt
dienen te and behoren te
Modals for certainty and hearsay
te + infinitive for can and must
The krijgen-passive
Agreement after een aantal
blijken, lijken, schijnen + te
Causative laten and doen
Agreement with coordinated subjects
The surviving subjunctive: leve, ware
Nouns & articles
de or het?
Nouns that take het
Nouns that take de
een or no article
Articles: Dutch vs English
Plural -en
Plural -s and -'s
Choosing -s or -en plurals
Irregular and foreign plurals
Diminutives
Choosing diminutive endings
Irregular diminutives
Compound nouns
Linking letters in compounds
deze, die, dit and dat
Possession with van and -s
Countries and nationalities
Fossilised case forms: des, der, ten
Turning clauses into noun phrases
Adjectives
Adjective -e ending
Adjectives without -e
Comparatives and superlatives
Irregular comparison
Comparisons with dan and als
Adjectives without a noun
Adjectives that drop the -e
Expanded participial modifiers
Adverbs
Modal particles
Linking adverbs and V2
Degree adverbs
Linking adverbs and word order
Focus particles and what they scope over
Certainty adverbs and where they go
Pronouns
Subject and object pronouns
Possessive pronouns
Independent possessives
Reflexive pronouns
Demonstratives without a noun
Relative pronouns die and dat
Relative pronouns with prepositions
Interrogative pronouns: wie, wat, welk
Indefinite pronouns
All and every
Some, several, few and many
zo'n, zulke and dergelijk(e)
Exclamations with wat and hoe
hen, hun or ze as object pronouns
Reduced and stressed pronouns
elkaar: each other
Empty-subject het
Placeholder het before a clause
Clause-linking waardoor and waarbij
Relative wat and sentential wat
degene die, datgene wat, bare wie
van wie, wiens, wier and waarvan
Referring back to things and bodies
Formal relative welke
Prepositions
er is and er zijn
Quantitative er
Prepositional er
Core prepositions
Fixed verb-preposition pairs
geleden, over and binnen
Place prepositions
er + preposition before a clause
Prepositions after adjectives and nouns
Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
want, omdat or doordat?
toen, als or wanneer?
Shortened te-clauses and their subject
indien, mits, tenzij: formal conditions
Concession: hoewel, ook al, ondanks
Paired connectors: zowel ... als
nadat, zodra, totdat and the tense rule
Degree and result: zo ... dat
Participle clauses
of after a negative (balansschikking)
Numbers
Cardinal numbers
Ordinal numbers
Telling the time
Days, months and dates
Prices, decimals and quantities
Negation
niet or geen?
Position of niet
al, nog, nog niet, niet meer
Questions
Yes/no questions
Question words
welke and wat voor (een)
Word order
Sentence frame (tangconstructie)
Main-clause word order
Verb-second (V2) rule
Inversion
Time–Manner–Place
Verb clusters at the clause end
Separable-prefix placement
Verb-final subordinate clauses
Relative and indirect-question order
Object pronoun placement
Direct object placement
Postpositions after the verb cluster
Verb-first conditionals: Mocht u ...
Order inside a three-verb cluster
Clauses after the verb cluster
Topic outside the sentence: aanloop
Fronting a participle or infinitive
Breaking up the verb cluster
Samentrekking: leaving words out
Spelling
Alphabet and spelling aloud
Syllable division
Vowel length in open and closed syllables
Double and single vowels
v to f and z to s
Final -d or -t?
Trema (diaeresis)
Apostrophes
Accent marks
Capital letters
Hyphens in compounds
Word groups inside compounds
English loans in Dutch compounds
Capitals for institutions and functions
Tricky pairs
jou or jouw?
dan or als? Quick rule
Formal u forms
hen, hun, zij and ze
-n rule: sommige or sommigen
dezelfde or hetzelfde?
Choosing -d, -t or -dt verb endings
naar ... toe and ... heen
10 common idioms
hoeven or moeten?
kennen, kunnen and weten
Position and placement verbs
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