Choosing the diminutive ending: -je, -tje, -etje, -pje, -kje
Choose -je, -tje, -etje, -pje or -kje from a Dutch noun's final sound, vowel length and stress.
Het boek β het boekje (the little book), but de boom β het boompje (the little tree). The final sound and stress pattern usually decide whether the diminutive ends in -je, -tje, -etje, -pje or -kje. This page covers ending choice and spelling; diminutive basics explains meaning, the het article and plurals.
How to choose the ending
Boek β boekje, stoel β stoeltje, zon β zonnetje, riem β riempje and koning β koninkje show the five productive endings. The noun's last sound gives the first branch. Stress and vowel length settle the overlapping endings after m, n, ng, l and r.
| Ending | Main condition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -je | final p, b, t, d, k, g, f, s, ch or x | boek β boekje (little book) |
| -tje | a vowel, diphthong or j/w sound; or l, n or r not after a stressed short vowel | stoel β stoeltje (little chair) |
| -etje | a stressed short vowel + m, n, ng, l or r | zon β zonnetje (little sun) |
| -pje | final m, except after a stressed short vowel | riem β riempje (little strap) |
| -kje | final -ing with no stress of its own | koning β koninkje (little king) |
Final m and -ing overlap with the stressed-short-vowel rule. Apply the conditions in this order:
- Test -etje first. Use it when a stressed short vowel stands immediately before final m, n, ng, l or r: de pan β het pannetje (the little pan), de kam β het kammetje (the little comb), de ster β het sterretje (the little star), het ding β het dingetje (the little thing). The stress may be primary or secondary.
- If the noun ends in m and the first step does not apply, use -pje: de riem β het riempje (the little strap), de arm β het armpje (the little arm), de film β het filmpje (the little film), de bodem β het bodempje (the little base).
- For final -ing, an ending with no stress takes -kje. The written g drops: de koning β het koninkje (the little king), de ketting β het kettinkje (the little chain).
- Secondary stress in final -ing keeps -etje: de tekening β het tekeningetje (the little drawing), de wandeling β het wandelingetje (the little walk). Nouns for people ending in -ling also take -etje: de leerling β het leerlingetje (the young pupil).
- After final p, b, t, d, k, g, f, s, ch or x, normally use -je: het boek β het boekje (the little book), de hond β het hondje (the little dog), de brief β het briefje (the little letter).
- Use -tje after a final vowel or w, and after a long vowel or diphthong before l, n or r: de koe β het koetje (the little cow), de mouw β het mouwtje (the little sleeve), de stoel β het stoeltje (the little chair).
- Also use -tje after unstressed -el, -en, -er or -or: de sleutel β het sleuteltje (the little key), de motor β het motortje (the little motor).
The grid predicts the productive standard pattern, not one form for every noun. Some one-syllable words ending in p, b or g allow both -je and -etje, such as kipje/kippetje (little chicken) and rugje/ruggetje (little back); usage or meaning can differ. Vowel-changing forms such as gat β gaatje (little hole) belong with the irregular diminutives.
A short vowel triggers -etje only when it is stressed
| Pattern | Ending | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| stressed short vowel + final l/r | -etje | de bel β het belletje (the little bell); de kar β het karretje (the little cart) |
| unstressed final syllable | -tje | de lepel β het lepeltje (the little spoon); de motor β het motortje (the little motor) |
| long vowel + final l/r | -tje | het verhaal β het verhaaltje (the little story) |
Spelling after -etje and final vowels
De pan β het pannetje and de auto β het autootje preserve their vowel sounds through a spelling change. The ordinary open- and closed-syllable rules explain these changes.
- After a stressed short vowel, double final m, n, l or r before -etje to keep the syllable closed: de pan β het pannetje, de kam β het kammetje, de ster β het sterretje. The spelling ng stays unchanged: de ring β het ringetje (the little ring).
- Before -tje, ordinary long final a, o and u become aa, oo and uu: de opa β het opaatje (grandpa), de auto β het autootje (little car), het menu β het menuutje (little menu). Final i becomes ie: de taxi β het taxietje (little taxi). A pronounced long final e/Γ© becomes ee: het cafΓ© β het cafeetje (little cafΓ©).
- Use an apostrophe when final y follows a consonant (de pony β het pony'tje) or when final u sounds like Dutch oe (de tiramisu β het tiramisu'tje). When a vowel comes before final y, attach -tje directly: de display β het displaytje.
- What is the diminutive of *de boom* (the tree)?
- *boomje*
- *boompje*
- *boometje*
- *boomtje*
*Boom* ends in a long vowel (*oo*) plus *m*, so it takes *-pje* β *het boompje*.
- Vul in: *de man β het ___*
- *manje*
- *mantje*
- *mannetje*
- *manpje*
*Man* ends in a stressed short vowel plus *n*, so it takes *-etje*. The *n* doubles to keep the vowel short: *het mannetje*.
- Which diminutive is correct for *de koning* (the king)?
- *koningje*
- *koningetje*
- *koninkje*
- *koningtje*
In *koning*, final *-ing* has no stress, so it takes *-kje* and drops the written *g*: *het koninkje*.
- Why does *de auto* become *het autootje* and not *het autotje*?
- *auto* is an English word
- the final *o* doubles to keep the vowel long
- *-tje* always doubles the last letter
- *auto* is a *het*-word
In *auto*, final *o* becomes *oo* before *-tje* so the vowel stays long: *het autootje*.
- Which ending does *het verhaal* (the story) take?
- *-tje*, because it ends in a long vowel + *l* β *het verhaaltje*
- *-etje*, because it ends in *l* β *het verhaalletje*
- *-pje*, because it ends in a vowel + *l*
- *-je*, because it ends in a consonant
*Verhaal* ends in a long vowel (*aa*) plus *l*, so it takes *-tje*: *het verhaaltje*. A stressed short vowel before *l* would give *-etje*.
Test yourself
Question 1 of 5
What is the diminutive of de boom (the tree)?